Energies, Vol. 5, Pages 2150-2164: Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China

Article

1 Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 16 November 2011; in revised form: 18 June 2012 / Accepted: 19 June 2012 / Published: 28 June 2012

Abstract:
Bioenergy is currently regarded as a renewable energy source with a high growth potential. Forest-based biodiesel, with the significant advantage of not competing with grain production on cultivated land, has been considered as a promising substitute for diesel fuel by many countries, including China. Consequently, extracting biodiesel from Jatropha curcas has become a growing industry. However, many key issues related to the development of this industry are still not fully resolved and the prospects for this industry are complicated. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the net energy, CO2 emission, and cost efficiency of Jatropha biodiesel as a substitute fuel in China to help resolve some of the key issues by studying data from this region of China that is well suited to growing Jatropha. Our results show that: (1) Jatropha biodiesel is preferable for global warming mitigation over diesel fuel in terms of the carbon sink during Jatropha tree growth. (2) The net energy yield of Jatropha biodiesel is much lower than that of fossil fuel, induced by the high energy consumption during Jatropha plantation establishment and the conversion from seed oil to diesel fuel step. Therefore, the energy efficiencies of the production of Jatropha and its conversion to biodiesel need to be improved. (3) Due to current low profit and high risk in the study area, farmers have little incentive to continue or increase Jatropha production. (4) It is necessary to provide more subsidies and preferential policies for Jatropha plantations if this industry is to grow. It is also necessary for local government to set realistic objectives and make rational plans to choose proper sites for Jatropha biodiesel development and the work reported here should assist that effort. Future research focused on breading high-yield varieties, development of efficient field management systems, and detailed studies lifecycle environmental impacts analysis is required to promote biologically and economically sustainable development of Jatropha biodiesel and to assist government agencies in setting realistic objectives and appropriate and advantageous policies for the regions and the country.

Keywords: substitute energy; Jatropha curcas; biodiesel; net energy; CO2 emission; land suitability assessment; cost-benefit analysis

Article Statistics

Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Statistics are updated once per day.

Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Deng, X.; Han, J.; Yin, F. Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China. Energies 2012, 5, 2150-2164.

AMA Style

Deng X., Han J., Yin F. Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China. Energies. 2012; 5(7):2150-2164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deng, Xiangzheng; Han, Jianzhi; Yin, Fang. 2012. "Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China." Energies 5, no. 7: 2150-2164.

kourtney kardashian pregnant chip kelly billy cundiff super bowl tickets superbowl birmingham news lee evans

Treasure Coast Real Estate | Tequesta Pines Homes For Sale June ...

by starfish on June 27, 2012

Find Tequesta Pines Homes For Sale and Tequesta Pines Home Values. We also have information on mortgages, insurance, movers and other Treasure Coast Real Estate Services for anyone looking to sell or buy a home in beautiful Palm Beach COUNTY Florida.

Paul Kitchen and Starfish Team provide clients, family and close friends with professional, honest and dependable service. A resident of Treasure Coast, Paul is extremely familiar with the local neighborhoods including Tequesta Pines, school districts and the Treasure Coast Real Estate market in this beautiful Florida town.

Paul Kitchen
Broker-Owner
Starfish Real Estate
8985 SE Bridge Road Hobe Sound, Florida 33455
(561) 935-9412
(800) 793-7304 toll free
Treasure Coast Real Estate
Treasure Coast Real Estate Blog

Starfish Real Estate

paul pierce strawberry festival knicks strikeforce tate vs rousey ciaa lindsay lohan the monkees

Ematic unwraps 9.7-inch eGlide Pro X tablet, widens its Android 4.0 horizons in a literal sense

Ematic unwraps 97inch eGlide Pro X tablet, widens its Android 40 horizons in a literal sense

Ematic has a tendency to release a lot of tablets, so what's one more? In the case of the eGlide Pro X, quite a bit. The newly shipping model uses a 9.7-inch, 4:3 ratio display that will be quite familiar to some, but which is still quite rare in the narrower, 16:10-happy world of Android 4.0. It's thankfully more than just superficials that get the boost. We'd say that the Pro X is just that slightly more pro than its XL Pro ancestor through a faster 1.2GHz processor and a doubled 8GB of built-in storage. A microSD slot, HDMI, Kobo's book app, and Ematic's own Google-replacing software all show their familiar faces. The $220 price currently makes this latest of eGlides a good bargain, but we have a hunch you might want to wait until Google I/O -- you never know what you might get.

Ematic unwraps 9.7-inch eGlide Pro X tablet, widens its Android 4.0 horizons in a literal sense originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 26 Jun 2012 23:51:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink   |  sourceEmatic  | Email this | Comments

roy williams matt lauer divine mercy chaplet albert pujols the shining mariano rivera mariano rivera

Georgia Tech's Shimi robot wants to rock with you all night, rock the night away

Georgia Tech's Shimi robot wants to rock with you all night, rock the night away

Shimi certainly has the makings of a viral video hit, but its creators at Georgia Tech want you to know that there's more to the dancing robot than just a pretty face. The "interactive musical buddy," designed by the school's Center for Music Technology, is a one-foot-tall smartphone-enabled "docking station with a brain." Shimi has a whole slew of functionality, using the phone's face-detection to track listeners and better position its speakers. Users can also clap out a beat, which the 'bot will use to pull a matching song from the phone's playlist, playing the track and, naturally, dancing to the beat. Forthcoming functionality includes the ability for users to shake their heads or wave a hand to affect Shimi's song choices. Google I/O attendees will get the opportunity for a closer look at Shimi this week in San Francisco. In the meantime, check out a couple of videos of the robot doing its thing after the break.

Continue reading Georgia Tech's Shimi robot wants to rock with you all night, rock the night away

Georgia Tech's Shimi robot wants to rock with you all night, rock the night away originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 27 Jun 2012 09:46:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink   |   | Email this | Comments

kindle fire glen davis kobe bryant a christmas story prime rib ny knicks prime rib recipe

Lab-engineered kidney project reaches early milestone

ScienceDaily (June 21, 2012) ? Regenerative medicine researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center have reached an early milestone in a long-term project that aims to build replacement kidneys in the lab to help solve the shortage of donor organs.

In proof-of-concept research published online ahead of print in Annals of Surgery, the team successfully used pig kidneys to make "scaffolds" or support structures that could potentially one day be used to build new kidneys for human patients. The idea is to remove all animal cells -- leaving only the organ structure or "skeleton." A patient's own cells would then be placed on the scaffold, making an organ that the patient theoretically would not reject.

While this is one of the first studies to assess the possibility of using whole pig kidneys to engineer replacement organs, the idea of using organ structures from pigs to help human patients is not new. Pig heart valves -- removed of cells -- have been used for more than three decades to provide heart valve replacements in human patients.

"It is important to identify new sources of transplantable organs because of the critical shortage of donor organs," said lead author Giuseppe Orlando, M.D., an instructor in surgery and regenerative medicine at Wake Forest Baptist. "These kidneys maintain their innate three-dimensional architecture, as well as their vascular system, and may represent the ideal platform for kidney engineering."

For the research, pig kidneys were soaked in a detergent to remove all cells, leaving behind the organ's "skeleton," including its system of blood vessels. In addition, the structure of the nephron -- the kidney's functional unit -- was maintained. The scaffolds were implanted in animals, where they were re-filled with blood and were able to maintain normal blood pressure, proving that the process of removing cells doesn't affect the mechanical strength of the vessels.

"There are many challenges to be met before this system could be used to engineer replacement kidneys, including problems with blood clots forming in the vessels," said Anthony Atala, M.D., co-author and director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. "The kidney is a very complex organ with at least 22 different cell types."

But, the fact that nephron structure is maintained suggests the potential to re-populate the kidney with cells, according to the scientists. They speculate that new cells introduced into the scaffold would recognize their natural niche through physical or chemical signals of the scaffold.

While the project is in its infancy, the idea represents a potential solution to the extreme shortage of donor kidneys. According to the authors, the probability in the U.S. of receiving a kidney transplant within five years of being added to the waiting list is less than 35 percent. As of late August 2011, nearly 90,000 patients in the U.S. were waiting for kidney transplants.

The science of regenerative medicine has already had success engineering skin, cartilage, bladders, urine tubes, trachea and blood vessels in the lab that were successfully implanted in patients. These structures were able to receive oxygen and nutrients from nearby vascularized tissues until they developed their own blood vessel supply.

However, the "holy grail" of regenerative medicine is to engineer more complex organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and pancreas. These organs are very dense with cells and must have their own oxygen supply to survive. This need for a scaffold with a full vasculature is why scientists are exploring the possibility of removing cells from donor organs and replacing them with a patient's own cells.

Scientists have already used scaffolds from rodents or pigs to engineer heart, liver, lung and intestinal scaffolds. When re-populated with organ-specific cells, these "organoids" were able to produce some of the functions of native organs in the lab. The goal of the current study is to produce kidney scaffolds from the pig because of similarities to humans in terms of organ structure and size.

The research was supported by the Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center.

Co-researchers were Sayed-Hadi Mirmalek-Sani, David C. Sullivan, Emma Moran, Tamer AbouShwareb, Alan Farney, Samy Iskandar, Robert J. Stratta, Anthony Atala, James J. Yoo, and Shay Soker, Wake Forest Baptist; Kathryn J. Wood, University of Oxford, and Paolo De Coppi, Great Ormond Street Children Hospital-University College of London.

Share this story on Facebook, Twitter, and Google:

Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:


Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Giuseppe Orlando, Alan C. Farney, Samy S. Iskandar, Sayed-Hadi Mirmalek-Sani, David C. Sullivan, Emma Moran, Tamer AbouShwareb, Paolo De Coppi, Kathryn J. Wood, Robert J. Stratta, Anthony Atala, James J. Yoo, Shay Soker. Production and Implantation of Renal Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds From Porcine Kidneys as a Platform for Renal Bioengineering Investigations. Annals of Surgery, 2012; : 1 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31825a02ab

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

lightsquared david lee honduras prison fire do not call list sports illustrated westminster dog show 2012 words with friends

Norway prosecutors: Killer Breivik probably insane

Berit Roald/EPA

Confessed mass killer Anders Behring Breivik, right, gives a relaxed smile moments before prosecutors delivered their closing arguments in the Oslo courthouse, Thursday.

By msnbc.com news services

Prosecutors asked a Norwegian court on Thursday to declare far-right mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik insane and commit him to a mental institution.

While not certain that Breivik was not responsible for his actions, they chose to give him the benefit of the doubt in the face of conflicting psychiatric reports, and so to go against the view of most Norwegians that he should go to prison.


"In our opinion, it's worse to send a psychotic person to preventive detention than to send a non-psychotic person to mandatory care," prosecutor Svein Holden told the court.

"We are not convinced that Anders Behring Breivik is legally insane, but we are in doubt. So our petition is for a judgment that he shall be transferred to compulsory mental health care,? he added.

Held indefinitely
If the court agrees with the prosecution's request, Breivik could be held indefinitely, receiving treatment in a secure ward set up in a high-security prison. His presence there would come up for review every three years.

If the court opts for a prison term instead, prosecutors said their preference would be the maximum sentence of 21 years. A sentence can be extended beyond that if a prisoner is considered a menace to society, The Associated Press reported.

Norway prison seeks 'friends' to play hockey, chess with mass killer Breivik

Three out of four Norwegians consider Breivik sane enough for a jail term, according to a poll carried out for the public broadcaster NRK.?Many find it hard to understand how someone could be insane and yet spend years planning such a spectacular attack so meticulously.

A pre-trial psychiatric report that found him to be insane created such an outcry that the court ordered another one, which came to the opposite conclusion.

Breivik: I'm sane
Breivik admits to killing 77 people in twin attacks last July, most of them teenagers at a Labour Party summer camp.

He says he should be declared sane, but acquitted on grounds that he was defending the Norwegian people by fighting the supporters of Muslim immigration.

If the court finds him to have been insane, he has said that it will be "worse than death", and he will appeal.

Earlier in the trial, Breivik said the psychiatric dimension of the case was a way for Norwegian authorities to ridicule him and divert attention from his ideology.

Tears as victim's brother throws shoe at Norway mass killer Anders Breivik

Breivik claims Norway and Europe are being colonized by Muslims, who make up about 2 percent of Norway's population.?

He first detonated a bomb outside government headquarters in Oslo to create a diversion, then systematically gunned down 69 people, mostly teenagers, at a summer camp run by the ruling Labour Party on the island of Utoeya.

"What is most incomprehensible is how unaffected he was by his acts," prosecutor Inga Bejer Engh said.?"He described without remorse or feeling how these young people begged for their lives, and how he shot them in the head to make sure they were dead."

The trial ends with closing defense arguments on Friday. The two professional and three lay judges are due to reach a verdict by August 24.

Reuters and The Associated Press contributed to this report.

More world news from msnbc.com and NBC News:

Follow us on Twitter: @msnbc_world

?

ricky williams kurt warner kurt warner missouri primary minnesota caucus knowshon moreno knowshon moreno

MEDICAL MARIJUANA: A legal hothouse : Crime Blotter

Posted on | June 15, 2012 | Comments

?

It looks like the U.S. Attorney?s office has made good on its word to look at medical marijuana operations it suspects are operating outside the boundaries of California?s Prop. 215.

The indictment of six men this week ? three of them operators of G3 Holistic which had dispensaries in Upland, Colton, and Moreno Valley, and another three connected to a warehouse growing operation that the feds say was supplying the G3 storefronts.

An Internal Revenue Service forensic accounting of G3 claims to have found 19 bank accounts associated with the operation, with deposits and nearly equal withdrawals of about $3.3 million ? activity that shows operators trying to mask that G3 is a for-profit operation, the government claims.

That?s not how authorized medical marijuana dispensaries are designed to work under California law. They are supposed to be non-profit collectives, with the members growing and contributing marijuana to the dispensary. The rules were designed to avoid the kind of operation that federal officials claim G3 had become.

San Bernardino County Sheriff?s detectives and an agent from the Drug Enforcement Administration claimed their investigation, which included undercover buys, showed that anyone with any medical condition appeared to be able to buy marijuana at G3?s Upland outlet. There also appeared to be no requirements to participate in a collective, they claimed.

It?s the second such case filed against a dispensary operation by the feds in the Central District of California since October 2011, when the U.S. Attorneys from throughout the state said they were going to review what the called suspect dispensaries.

The action adds yet another section to the grinding tectonic plates of medical marijuana?s legal status in California.

Under Prop 215 and subsequent laws, marijuana use and cultivation is legal in the state, when all the rules are followed.

But marijuana is illegal in all circumstances under federal law.

State courts have ruled that the federal status of marijuana does not take precedence over state law. But that ruling only clarified what role local police, especially those who are federally deputized, should take when dealing with Prop. 215 dispensaries and authorized users.

Federal authorities at first kept an arm?s length from the state?s OK of medical marijuana use, but late last year voiced the concerns that have resulted in criminal indictments and civil actions, such as asset forfeiture filings, that target selected operations.

In addition to that front, there remains the question of whether local governments can outright ban medical marijuana clinics.

Several have. Inland-area jurisdictions that ban clinics include Riverside and San Bernardino cities and counties.

But those bans are on hold while the California Supreme Court considers the conflicting patchwork of appellate court rulings upholding or denying local governments? dispensary bans.

Once again, legal precedence is the conflict. Who gets in line first? State laws that allow medical marijuana dispensaries? Or does local governments? discretion to regulate within their borders include the right to ban the stores?

The G3 Upland clinic is among th cases before the state high court. Upland had voted to ban clinics, the Riverside-based 4th District Court of Appeal upheld the ban, and that ruling was appealed. The civil-court matter is unrelated to the federal indictment.

Stay tuned.

By Richard K. De Atley

--> Comments -->

mountain lion taylor momsen xbox live update joan rivers gary carter dies oolong tea survivor one world

Police: Breakup led Buffalo doctor to kill lover, self

In the end, the gifted trauma surgeon widely beloved as a lifesaver turned to violence, killing himself with a gunshot to the head as he was being sought in the fatal shooting of his ex-girlfriend.

A two-day nationwide search for Dr. Timothy Jorden ended when police found his body in thick brush a half-mile from his Lake Erie shoreline home. A neighbor had reported hearing a gunshot from the area on Wednesday morning, and police with dogs found the body, dressed in surgical scrubs, on Friday morning.

Authorities had been looking for Jorden since Wednesday morning, when 33-year-old Jacqueline Wisniewski was found shot to death in a stairwell at the Erie County Medical Center, where they both worked. Friends said Wisniewski was afraid of the 49-year-old Jorden and had broken off their relationship some time ago.

Police Commissioner Daniel Derenda said Jorden went to the hospital with a shotgun and a .357 Magnum pistol intending to kill Wisniewski because of their breakup. Jorden lured her to the hospital basement, where he shot her five times at point-blank range, Derenda said. He then ran from the hospital and drove home, where surveillance video showed him arriving about 30 minutes later.

Just four minutes later, Jorden is seen leaving the house, down a path to a ravine and disappearing into the woods.

Derenda said Jorden killed himself with one shot to the head from the .357 Magnum and didn't leave a suicide note. He had withdrawn large sums of money recently and had given friends gifts.

Police say they found body of fugitive surgeon suspected of murder

As Jorden's tailspin accelerated, friends, neighbors and colleagues painted a picture of a man in decline. Jorden, once 250 pounds and clean-shaven, had lost up to 75 pounds and let his face get scraggly. His neatly manicured lawn got overgrown. He just didn't seem the same; not as "nice" as before, was how neighbor June Dupree put it.

Dupree said she was distraught over what had happened.

"It doesn't make any sense that he did that and that he killed himself," she said. "Oh, my God, it's just terrible. I can't get over it. I'm just about in tears right now."

She said everybody loved Jorden.

  1. Only on msnbc.com

    1. Obama administration won't seek deportation of young illegal immigrants
    2. A primer on the painfully slow recovery
    3. Sex case: Jehovah's Witnesses must pay $20 million
    4. Wounded warrior seeks to represent America ? again
    5. EPA proposes tougher rules on soot pollution
    6. 'Forest Boy' mystery solved: Man admits identity lies
    7. Violence feared as polarized Egypt returns to polls

"He saved so many lives," she said. "This is what doesn't make sense. There's got to be more to it."

'Incomprehensible event'
At the medical center, staff members were left to mourn the death of a respected administrative assistant and try to fathom how two lives could end this way.

"We are just starting the healing process and trying to cope with an incomprehensible event," said Jody Lomeo, the hospital's chief executive officer.

SWAT teams had spent hours Wednesday searching Jorden's home without success.

On Thursday, neighbor Tom Wrzosek told police he had heard a gunshot from the steep, thick terrain behind Jorden's house the morning before, about 90 minutes after Wisniewski was gunned down at the hospital.

Video: Surgeon suspected of murder found dead (on this page)

Some of her friends told local media outlets that Jorden stalked her after she ended the relationship. One of her friends told WIVB-TV that Wisniewski told her the doctor had put a GPS tracking device in her car and once held her captive in her home for a day and a half, wielding a knife.

A woman who answered the phone listed in the name of Wisniewski's parents said the family would not be commenting.

The Buffalo News reported that Jorden joined the National Guard in high school, went into the Army after graduation and served with the Army's special forces, first as a weapons expert, then as a medic. In those roles, he served in the Caribbean, Japan and Korea.

Jorden earned a medical degree from the University at Buffalo and trained at the Madigan Army Medical Center in Tacoma, Wash. He received his certification from the American Board of Surgery in 2004.

He was honored by various local organizations over the years for his teaching skills and involvement in the Buffalo community.

Dupree said she will try to remember Jorden as a good neighbor and gifted surgeon.

"It's very quiet here today," she said. "It's like everybody is in mourning."

helicon zac efron and taylor swift real housewives of orange county bloom energy franklin graham jambalaya taylor swift and zac efron

Just created a new Facebook page but I cannot define username for it. It won?t let me verify availability. Do I have to wait some time to do that?

Posted on June 15th, 2012 in Marketing and Sales

<br>Clarification added June 14, 2012 3:39 PM: I just found out that I need 25 fans to get a username, didn?t Facebook removed this limitation? only yesterday I created a page and defined a username with no fans on the page :(

Related posts:

  1. What is the difference between a Facebook "Fan Page" and an ordinary Facebook profile?
  2. I need a document that explains the use of facebook pages to engage one?s customers/fans
  3. How do I allow Facebook users to become a fan of my business's fan page via text message?
  4. Creating an amazon store on your facebook page
  5. Create a Facebook page that is anonymous or people dont have to like?
Tags: br, clarification, june 14, lt

washington capitals elizabeth warren delmon young amare stoudemire tallest building in the world the pitch brandon inge