Friday Legal & Safety News Roundup: February 10, 2012 ...

Personal Injury Lawyers Serving: Langdon & Emison tries cases across the country from offices in St. Louis and near Kansas City. Greater Kansas City areas include Kansas City, Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Raytown, Gladstone, Liberty, Grandview, Belton, Sedalia, Warrensburg, Marshall, Raymore, Excelsior Springs.

Source: http://kansascity.injuryboard.com/fda-and-prescription-drugs/friday-legal-safety-news-roundup-february-10-2012.aspx?googleid=298230

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The Battle Over Agriculture | Sustainable Cities Collective

Our age demands a paradigm shift, which can be characterized in a number of different ways - sustainability, green, the 99%, #occupy, human rights, human inequality, social innovation (...and the list goes on). These social expressions, in turn, create battlegrounds for the "future" in the form of industries, systems, and paradigms that must be altered or entirely revolutionized. These 'battlegrounds' offer the opportunity for social entrepreneurs, critics, and revolutionary thinkers to challenge the status quo to change a system they deem unequal, unfair, inefficient, or inhumane. As I've observed, these 'battlegrounds' come to mind: energy, environmental protection, economy, human rights, architecture, development, politics, climate change, technology, health, world trade. Each of these terms has a burgeoning industry or idea to which have paradigm shifts attached. Sustainable development, sustainable architecture, fair trade, environmental regeneration are very popular industries gaining momentum.

However, one battleground that doesn't get much attention is what I believe to be the most important, the most comprehensive, and the most vital battle that we paradigm shifters face: Agriculture.?

If you want an industry that envelops nearly every issue our society faces today, look no further than agriculture.?

Particularly in the United States, the agricultural industry is completely out of whack and, if not?revolutionized, agriculture will not serve a beneficial purpose as our society continues.?

Agriculture is the most unequal battleground today.?

The two staples of our diet - corn and soybean (both in more products than you think, check your nutrition labels) - are controlled by one company, Monsanto. 80 percent of corn, and 93 percent of soybeans are grown and sold by Monsanto. A host of other food products are controlled by Cargill.?

The immense economic and political clout?exercised?by Cargill and Monsanto allows them to promote the harmful use of GMO seeds with deadly pesticides. Many people believe that after the downfall of DDT, pesticides were no longer used in the United States. This could not be further from the truth. Companies like Monsanto engineer seeds that are resilient to a specific type of pesticide, made by one of the powerful petrochemical companies. Through multi-million dollar lobbying, these companies then convince the government that these pesticides are safe to use, and convince farmers to purchase their farming techniques by saying that it's the most efficient and profitable way to farm. What ensues is chemicals in our food, contaminants in our water, environmental degradation, and insurmountable debt on the farmer, whom is then forced onto a vicious treadmill run by big agriculture.?

By reading the book "Organic Manifesto," by Maria Rodale, you will get clear and cohesive perspective on big agriculture's socio-politico-economic ramifications.?

Rodale talks about the benefits of local, organic food production, which will aid our society's challenges. Among many, these are a few of them:

Climate Change and fossil fuel emissions is directly related to agriculture. Our current system uses fossil fuel in every step of the food production process - from big tractors that run on gas, to the petrochemicals that we spray on the GMO seeds that are made using loads of energy, to the methane emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), to the long distance transportation of the products from farm to table.?

Human health is another issue. Big agriculture has a symbiotic relationship with fast food, and products containing high-fructose corn syrups. Big agriculture can afford to sell ingredients and food at an incredibly low price to vendors and brands that in turn sell these harmful foods to us. The low purchase cost creates a self-sustaining market. However, the harmful production practices and deadly pesticides in our food are externalized. We marvel at the high rates of cancer and illness in today's society, yet we don't look at what we are putting into our bodies.?

Crony capitalism and big business politics are also perpetuated in our current agricultural system. We think 'big oil' is the only harmful industry getting preferential treatment on Capitol Hill. Cargill and Monsanto give thousands in campaign contributions to political figures, not including their effective lobbying abilities (Monsanto spent over?$8 million lobbying in 2010?alone).

What's more, these companies continue to demand enormous subsidies from the government. Not only do these subsidies perpetuate the dominance of agricultural monopolies, but they allow for the surplus dumping of food products overseas to developing nations. These developing nations see our products as cheaper alternatives to developing their own agricultural industries, and are also urged (often by law) to engage in foreign trade through IMF and World Bank economic?restructuring. In Egypt, for instance, loans from the IMF have mandated increased foreign investment and trade. As a result, the agriculture they do have is exported to Europe and the United States, and all other food products are imported. The exported goods create profits for a select few, while the rest of the country is mired in poverty due to food insecurity and volatile market prices - precisely the cause of the Arab Spring!

Domestically AND internationally, big agriculture's clout silences the voices of small, independent, organic farmers trying to grow healthy food at a reasonable price, and creates instability throughout the globe.?Maybe the #occupy movement should occupy Monsanto's headquarters instead of Wall Street!

By moving away from big business agriculture and supporting local, organic foods the consumer will have power over these companies. We need to start thinking about what we put into our bodies, and realizing what ripple effects our decisions have on everything in our society - from climate change to economic inequality. The battle over agriculture unites so many of today's challenges that it simply cannot continue to go unnoticed.?

Source: http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/zrhirsch/35205/agricultural-battleground

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Naturally Effective Ayurveda Treatments To Weight Loss | New ...

New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use

People wanting to lose unwanted extra pounds will be delighted with the range of effective Ayurvedic treatments to weight loss that are available to them. Their effectiveness is dependent upon your dosha type and as such the person should first establish their correct dosha before selecting Ayurvedic treatments to aid in dieting.

Eating incorrect foods in excessive amounts while not engaging in enough exercise to burn off excess calories is the main cause of unwanted gains. A good rule of thumb is to never eat more than you could hold in your cupped palms. Focus on eating regular meals at least four times a day to ensure that you do not starve yourself, as this will cause your body to go into survival mode.

Starvation diets are to be strictly avoided. This will force your body into a type of survival mode where it will store every ingested calorie as a defence mechanism to ensure that it has stored nutrients should the perceived famine last for an extended period. A diet is an eating plan that should be sustainable over a long period of time, if not indefinitely.

The vata dosha type should focus on ingesting slightly unctuous foods with an astringent or pungent flavor, adding dates and rice for natural sweetness. To encourage reductions in pitta types, they should eat foods with a bitter flavor, like arugula and dark green leafy vegetables. The kapha dosha types should gravitate towards bitter foods with astringent qualities like pimentos, peppers and ginger.

There are foods that are suited to all three types and these include barberry and turmeric. Tripbala can be consumed by all three types and is a combination, in equal parts, of bibbitaki, haritaki and amalaki that should be taken daily. Alternatively, include trikatu, which is a mixture of black pepper, ginger and pippali, a type of Indian pepper.

For more effective dieting, incorporate plenty of ginger into your daily diet, regardless of your dosha. You can also eat as much mango, papaya and pineapple as you like. Include plenty of dark green and leafy vegetables and add plenty of spice in the form of mustard seeds, ginger, cayenne pepper, salt, black pepper and cumin. Gotu kola should also be included in your diet.

Drink plenty of fluids to ensure that you are properly hydrated. Eat lighter meals in the morning and evening and a larger, heavier meal at lunch time. It is reported that your digestion is most active at midday, so enjoy your larger meal at this time of the day, when your digestive fire is at its most active. Vata types should engage in gentle sustained exercise routines like yoga, tai chi or various forms of dance. Pitta types are most likely to benefit from vigorous, more strenuous exercise like hiking or competitive sports.

Pitta types can benefit from vigorous hiking out in nature or other similarly competitive sports. The kapha types should engage in strenuous activity like running or cycling to get fit and lose pounds. Effective Ayurvedic treatments to weight loss will be enhanced by ensuring that the patient gets regular, uninterrupted sleep each night.

This weight loss review really is something you should read about ? amongst this, you are going to find some great lose weight tips that you cannot turn away from.

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Source: http://newhealthandfitness.org/2012/02/08/naturally-effective-ayurveda-treatments-to-weight-loss/

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Adoption & Foster Care: My Personal Experiences: HB 237

In addition to HB 225, another bill was put before the Utah State Legislature yesterday which greatly affects not only the rights of foster parents and foster children, but the rights of birth parents and parents pursuing private adoptions as well.? This bill is HB 337.? Although I didn?t read all 43 pages of HB 337 and thus didn?t take the time to formulate a response in letter form to my representatives, from my understanding the ?jist? of the part of this bill which affects my rights is that relatives of foster children would be given preference to adopt a child (versus the child?s foster family) AFTER parental rights of the child have been terminated.?

When I heard this I scratched my head and was like, ?Say WHAT??? Yet another one of my pet peeves concerning foster care is when a foster family has had a child in their care for several months or in some cases, a couple of years, and as soon as parental rights are about to be terminated relatives come out of the woodwork and suddenly decide they?d like to have the child in their care-despite the fact that the child is bonded and attached to their foster family (and vice versa) and thriving in a safe and nurturing home.? In some cases, the foster child has never even met or rarely interacted with their relatives who are now interested in becoming their full-time caregivers.? Perhaps the most disturbing scenario is when relatives come forward insisting that their rights be heard, and the child is placed in their care- perhaps even adopted by them- and then the relatives change their mind about becoming the permanent caregivers to the child which results in major disruption and trauma for the child as he or she is returned to his former foster home.???

Please don?t misunderstand me- the reason such scenarios irritate me is not because kin of the foster child steps forward- keeping families together is one of the primary goals of foster care and foster parents (or ?resource families? as the Utah Foster Care Foundation refers to us) are just that- a resource in helping families while they work things out.? The thing that bothers me about such cases is the TIMING of it all.? Where were these relatives during the 120 day period following the child?s initial removal when they are by law given preference to come forward, express an interest in caring for the child, get their background checks turned in and home studies done?? Furthermore, what kind of support and/or intervention did these relatives provide to the biological parents before the child came into state custody in the first place??

[Of course, it the relatives are distant ones, they may be unaware there is a need for support in the first place- or that such relatives even exist.?? Such was the case with our foster son, George, who only stayed with us for three months before distant relatives of his mother?s were able to become licensed kinship providers with the intent of eventually adopting him.]? I was honestly happy for them and for George after meeting them and I know from listening to their perspective and going through the licensing process myself that they would have liked to have sped up the process of paperwork and training required to have George in their home sooner. ?Had George been in our home for several months or over a year, on the other hand, his move would have been even harder on everyone involved- and especially traumatic to George to be bounced from home to home after forming attachments and beginning to establish a sense of permanency.

Hopefully, those examples are helpful in illustrating to others why HB 237 is upsetting to Utah?s foster parents and the children they care for.? Now for the GOOD NEWS from yesterday?s hearing:? According to one representative, the intent of the bill was not to remove a child from a suitable foster home that wished to adopt.? But as with The Constitution (or any other legal document for that matter) some of the wording in certain sections of the bill (Namely, Section 13 on page 36), was interpreted by many to mean such.?? Click here to read the bill in its entirety.Aside from foster children and foster parents, here?s how HB 237 could affect birthparents and adoptive couples pursuing private adoptions:? (Anyone who has a better legal understanding of this part of the bill, please feel free to correct me if I?m mistaken) Once a birthparent has terminated their rights to an infant in a private adoption?a relative may come forward and adopt the child, against the birth parent?s wishes!

Regarding?this legislation I?m grateful for the chance for my rights to be respected and for my voice to be heard on such important decisions effecting children and families.

Source: http://mamamem.blogspot.com/2012/02/hb-237.html

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Why you should buy goods at dinodirect | online buyers` reviews ...

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If I?d personally have the opportunity to clarify this better than in a dinodirect review, I?d be glad to explain much better to the wide variety of items they must choose from. I am very pleased to own an opportunity to create a dinodirect review with no staying biased since the merchandise which they offer you vary from high stop consumer goods to inexpensive merchandise that may be used for enterprise.

In my dinodirect review I?m glad to clarify that buying goods from dinodirect can be effortless because they usually do not call for you to complete a lot of issues. The processes are straightforward and everyone who would really like to purchase products on the internet can be in a position to follow the procedure. There are various things at dinodirect to get these kinds of as digital gadgets and their add-ons.

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Source: http://www.hipnozogren.com/why-you-should-buy-goods-at-dinodirect-2.html

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China Travel Tips ? Huangshan Travel FAQs | Business Travel Tours

China Travel Tips ? Huangshan Travel FAQs

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Source: http://www.businesstraveltours.com/china-travel-tips-huangshan-travel-faqs.html

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Modern Jewish Women Donors: A New ... - eJewish Philanthropy

by Robert I. Evans and Avrum D. Lapin

The Modern Jewish Woman Donor (MJWD) appears to be reshaping the face of Jewish philanthropy, especially as we found in recent conversations with several prominent Jewish women philanthropic leaders. Interviews, together with tangible results, support findings from various studies showing that women approach giving and nonprofit priorities in more focused and strategic ways than men, they often become very involved with the organizations they support, and increasingly they expect to partner with their funding recipients.

While talking with four women does not suggest major decision-making differences are afoot, we do urge non-profit organizations, as they develop their 2012 fundraising strategies, to reflect an understanding of the distinct motivators, priorities, and decision making processes of MJWD.

While Judaism certainly honors women, the evolution and new-found power of the MJWD is often overlooked as Jewish nonprofits mature and adjust to new realities in the philanthropic arena. Studies confirm that women are increasingly influential and drive decisions relating to charitable giving, and that they routinely give better and more passionately than do men. As we look around today at donors of all types and ages, we see ways that (Jewish) women address philanthropy today and see why (Jewish) women are such good donors.

Perhaps best known for more than 20 years in Jewish giving circles is the Jewish Federation system?s Lion of Judah program, where thousands of donors have become Lions of Judah, representing an annual campaign of $160 million a year and pledged endowed assets of more than $550 million. The Lion of Judah ?brand,? the widely recognized jewelry identifying participating women in the Lion programs, have become signatures of committed and passionate women donors and a recognized instrument for donor development and motivation. And the success has provided focus on the networks they have nurtured, along with building financial support in communities across North America.

In reviewing the landmark 2011 Study of High Net Worth Women?s Philanthropy, conducted by the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University and sponsored by Bank of America Merrill Lynch, we learned that motivating women and their attitudes toward giving is translated into generosity. This reality cuts across religious affiliations, and much can be learned and applied to Jewish women with diverse giving capacities. The study?s key findings included:

  • Women are strategic in their charitable giving, with 78% creating an annual giving strategy and/or budget. As a comparison, about 25% of high net worth individuals have neither a giving strategy nor budget.
  • Women often look for a deeper and more collaborative experience with the organizations they support.
  • Personal experience with a nonprofit, and the organization?s ability to communicate its impact, are important factors for women when they make their charitable giving decisions.
  • 80% of women donors expect that the nonprofit will honor their request for how the gift is used, and 45% expect that the organization will share with them the positive impact of their gift.

There are several important factors that motivate women?s giving and set them apart from their male counterparts. Most women (82%) expect to see how their gifts can make a difference in the world and how to set a good example for the next generation. Efficient use of their gifts and giving back to the community were among the top motivations for women donors.

Responses suggest, too, that women are typically more loyal to philanthropic causes, more educated and informed about philanthropic choices, and more trusting of non- profits than men. Women in giving networks are more intentional about their gifts of time and money. They have a greater awareness of the needs in the community and are likely to express more confidence in the ability of non-profits and individuals to solve societal and global problems, arising from the value that women generally place on having personal engagement with the organizations they support.

In considering these and other points, we interviewed four Jewish women philanthropists to learn about their personal philanthropy and decision making processes. Mrs. Diane Wohl, of New York, an active Jewish philanthropist for several decades, supports many organizations both individually and through her family foundation; the common thread is that she supports organizations that make a concrete difference in people?s lives and their communities and that 95% of her giving is to Jewish causes. While she and her husband work as giving partners and support each other?s priorities and activities, she directs significant philanthropy to women?s causes. She regularly evaluates the organization?s effectiveness and its sustainability when making her funding decisions and has remained loyal to causes over many decades.

Equally important to her giving are connections: Board involvement, hands-on participation in activities, and meeting the staff and recipients of the organizations? services. She is proud that her example has positively influenced her children, who follow in their footsteps in both deeds and words and are very committed to Jewish philanthropy.

Dina Karmazin Elkins comes from a family with a long history of philanthropy and is the executive director of the Karma Foundation, which since 1996 provides grants in areas important to her and her mother, although her having an autistic child has impacted significantly the priorities they identify. When she donates to charitable causes, she, too, selects organizations where she has a personal connection, such as her synagogue and local organizations, changing the giving model she inherited from her mother?s and grandmother?s generations. Site visits and reviews of proposals and organizational documents from her grantees and applicants contribute to her knowledge of determining the value of a nonprofit organization?s work, how effectively they are advancing their mission and goals and their level of transparency.

Ms. Elkins identified generational differences in the process she and her parents use to evaluate their giving. As a 40 year old, she is more inclined to consider where an organization is heading, and always wonders if their programs and services are relevant today or are becoming dated, and if an organization should continue to be funded simply because her foundation has awarded funds to them previously.

Susan Pearlstine, 54, a fifth generation Charlestonian, joins her family in supporting a variety of local Jewish and secular causes. Jewish giving is a high priority for both their foundation and for her family members individually, particularly the stewarding of the next generation of donors in that direction ? but she definitely confirms that her approach differs from that of the men in her family.

While she and her family members are often in agreement about which organizations to support, the decision making process takes on different approaches. Ms. Pearlstine considers her applicants? willingness to partner with her and other nonprofits, to be open to different ways of creating long term sustainability, and to be transparent financially. This has clearly set a different tone, especially from the men in her family. And she is grooming her children to assume their identities and become involved in decision- making responsibilities in philanthropy.

Another philanthropist, 51, preferred to remain anonymous for this article, reflecting her charitable giving approach, too. Also coming from a long line of family members who give generously, she prioritizes her giving to local Jewish organizations, such as her synagogue, women?s organizations, and causes that nurture community and personal connections and relationships. Her philanthropic parents made significant influences on her and she looks to be a good role model for her children and guide them in their own volunteering and giving decisions, especially as they begin to give independently. Unlike her husband, she prefers to remain anonymous so that the recipient does not feel there are any strings attached or undue requirements on them as a result. For example, while her husband may wish to fund a scholarship, she is more comfortable giving funds to a school which then underwrites the scholarship.

But the power of women donors cannot be underestimated, especially with a challenge coming from Diane Wohl to other MJWD. ?We all have a voice, and we can all make a difference and a lasting impact. The key is not how much you can give, but to care enough to give. All contributions matter.?

Robert I. Evans, Managing Director, and Avrum D. Lapin, Director, are principals of?The EHL Consulting Group, of suburban Philadelphia, and are frequent contributors to eJewishPhilanthropy.com. EHL Consulting works with dozens of nonprofits on fundraising, strategic planning, and non-profit business practices. Become a fan of The EHL Consulting Group on?Facebook; TWITTER: @EHLConsultGrp

Source: http://ejewishphilanthropy.com/modern-jewish-women-donors-a-new-paradigm/

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Andrew Garfield Surprises 'Amazing Spider-Man' Fans

Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans and director Marc Webb also pop in during 3-D premiere of new trailer.
By Kevin P. Sullivan


Andrew Garfield in "The Amazing Spider-Man"
Photo: Marvel / Columbia Pictures

NEW YORK — Spider-Man fans came out in droves around the globe and in the web-slinger's hometown to get "a sneak peek into the untold story" from the upcoming film.

That's all they knew when they lined up hours early outside Manhattan's Regal Union Square. As similar events were taking place in major cities worldwide, no one in the audience knew about the surprises four of the events, in particular, held in store.

MTV News' Josh Horowitz moderated the New York event and welcomed fans as they took their seats. The theater grew quiet, and a live feed from L.A. replaced the Spider-Man insignia on the screen. The L.A. host welcomed the director of "The Amazing Spider-Man," Marc Webb, to join him on-camera. Webb threw it to Rio de Janeiro, where Emma Stone was introduced. A trip across the pond revealed the film's villain, Rhys Ifans, but it wasn't until the special guest in New York that the crowd lost their minds.

Andrew Garfield, the man behind the mask, stepped out from a side door, inciting an out-of-control roar from the theater. A man shouted "Hallelujah" from the crowd, and Garfield couldn't help but agree: "Hallelujah. You said exactly what was on my mind," he said. "It means the world to all of us that you care so much. Thank you for being here."

Back in L.A., Webb instructed the audiences around the world to put on their 3-D glasses for the new trailer for "Amazing Spider-Man," hours before the world premiere.

Each of the four special guests then answered a question about the upcoming film. Webb addressed the new story and villain. Stone described how Gwen Stacy is the polar opposite to Mary Jane Watson. Ifans explained how Dr. Connors' flaws make him more significant and how the connection to Peter's father makes the film more emotional.

Garfield answered a simple question — "Why did you want to be Spider-Man?" — in a simple and honest way: "Because I'm not an idiot," he said. "It's the thing everyone wants." He explained that the role doesn't belong to him, the character belongs to everyone. Garfield even expressed hopes that the next actor to play Peter Parker would be "half Hispanic/half African-American," like the current iteration of Spider-Man in the Ultimate run, Miles Morales.

The event concluded with an extended sizzle reel, lasting about seven minutes in all, of new 2-D footage, much of which was unfinished. Scenes included an awkward and cute scene between Peter and Gwen and a short sequence showing Peter developing his powers.

Check out everything we've got on "The Amazing Spider-Man."

For breaking news and previews of the latest comic book movies — updated around the clock — visit SplashPage.MTV.com.

Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678656/amazing-spider-man-trailer-andrew-garfield.jhtml

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Off Track Planet: The 10 Coolest Subways Around the World (PHOTOS)

The progressive subway architecture of Munich's underground wonderland pushes the envelope. The U-bahn is made up of mod, technicolor stations with little evidence of human finagling (i.e. no pissed-on benches, trash or graffiti). While several stations are old as funk (as far back as the 1930s), most have been newly renovated to resemble kaleidoscope-like wonders. We like the Sankt-Quirin-Platz station best for its quirky mix of old and new.

The progressive subway architecture of Munich's underground wonderland pushes the envelope. The U-bahn is made up of mod, technicolor stations with little evidence of human finagling (i.e. no pissed-on benches, trash or graffiti). While several stations are old as funk (as far back as the 1930s), most have been newly renovated to resemble kaleidoscope-like wonders. We like the Sankt-Quirin-Platz station best for its quirky mix of old and new.

Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/off-track-planet/10-coolest-subways-around_b_1217948.html

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Little Ice Age began with a bang

Frozen moss suggests climate cooling kicked off fast, possibly with help from volcanoes

Web edition : 5:13 pm

The Little Ice Age, a centuries-long spell of cold summers in Europe and elsewhere, began suddenly late in the 13th century, a new study finds. A string of volcanic explosions may have set off this change in climate by belching particles that reflected sunlight and allowed Arctic sea ice to reach epic proportions, researchers report online January 31 in Geophysical Research Letters.

?We?ve been able to identify the beginning of the Little Ice Age, something that?s been very difficult to do in the past,? says Gifford Miller, a paleoclimatologist and geologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. ?This cooling wasn?t gradual; it was an abrupt shift.?

It?s long been known that much of the globe became chillier during the Renaissance. By the 17th century, temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere had fallen by half a degree Celsius compared with medieval times. Ice skating on London?s frozen River Thames became popular.

To pin down when this climate change began, Miller?s team traveled to Baffin Island on the northern fringes of Canada. Small glaciers in this region tend to respond quickly to temperature changes. Carbon dating of moss entombed in Baffin?s ice revealed two sudden advances of the snow line that killed off the vegetation: a sudden cold spell between 1275 to 1300, followed by intensifying cold between 1430 and 1455.

Testing whether this chill extended beyond Canada took the researchers to the Langj?kull glacier, the second largest ice cap in Iceland. Layered sediments from a nearby lake appeared progressively thicker in the 14th century ? exactly what would be expected if the glacier expanded and ground away the landscape.

These chillier conditions began during an especially active time for volcanoes. ?The second half of the 13th century had the most volcanism of any period of the past 1,500 years,? says Alan Robock, an atmospheric scientist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J.

Volcanoes have been blamed for the Little Ice Age before. But the cooling produced by an eruption tends to be short-lived. The atmosphere recovers from the junk spewed into the sky within a few years.? The challenge is to explain how the Little Ice Age persisted for many centuries.?

?It?s been hard to understand how volcanism could lead to such long-lasting cooling,? says Stephen Vavrus, a climate scientist at the University of Wisconsin?Madison.

Sea ice may have been the secret to keeping Earth frosty. In simulations of global climate run by Miller?s team, volcanic eruptions stimulated the growth of Arctic ice. Normally, this ice would melt back during summer months. But a series of four explosions, each within a decade of the last, could have expanded the ice enough to make it stable, says Miller.

Polar ice samples have revealed just such a series of eruptions, says Robock: an especially big explosion somewhere in the world in 1258, and three smaller ones in 1268, 1275 and 1284.

Whether these events could have kicked off the Little Ice Age still isn?t certain. Two occurred in the Southern Hemisphere, which may have muted their impact. And some of the simulations run by Miller?s team didn?t lead to supersized sea ice cover, even with four eruptions.

Still, the new study offers a plausible chain of events, says Robock, ready to be put to the test by other climate simulations.


Found in: Earth and Environment

Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/338160/title/Little_Ice_Age_began_with_a_bang

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